## Centering Neural Network Gradient Factors

N. N. Schraudolph. Centering Neural Network Gradient Factors. In G. B. Orr and K. Müller, editors, Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 207–226, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

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### Abstract

It has long been known that neural networks can learn faster when their input and hidden unit activity is centered about zero; recently we have extended this approach to also encompass the centering of error signals (Schraudolph & Sejnowski, 1996). Here we generalize this notion to all factors involved in the network's gradient, leading us to propose centering the slope of hidden unit activation functions as well. Slope centering removes the linear component of backpropagated error; this improves credit assignment in networks with shortcut connections. Benchmark results show that this can speed up learning significantly without adversely affecting the trained network's generalization ability.

### BibTeX Entry

@incollection{Schraudolph98,
author = {Nicol N. Schraudolph},
title = {\href{http://nic.schraudolph.org/pubs/Schraudolph98.pdf}{
pages = {207--226},
editor = {Genevieve B. Orr and Klaus-Robert M\"uller},
booktitle = {Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade},
series = {\href{http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/}{
Lecture Notes in Computer Science}},
volume =  1524,
publisher = {\href{http://www.springer.de/}{Springer Verlag}},
year =  1998,
b2h_type = {Book Chapters},
b2h_topic = {>Preconditioning},
abstract = {
It has long been known that neural networks can learn faster when their
input and hidden unit activity is centered about zero; recently we have
extended this approach to also encompass the centering of error signals
\href{b2hd-nips95}{(Schraudolph \& Sejnowski, 1996)}.  Here we generalize
this notion to {\em all}\/ factors involved in the network's gradient,
leading us to propose centering the slope of hidden unit activation
functions as well.  Slope centering removes the linear component of
backpropagated error; this improves credit assignment in networks with
shortcut connections.  Benchmark results show that this can speed up
learning significantly without adversely affecting the trained network's
generalization ability.
}}


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